| Nanoradiosensitizers, as an emerging frontier strategy for augmenting the efficacy of tumor radiotherapy, can potentiate the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation on tumor cells and compensate for the limited capacity of conventional radiotherapy to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). In recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that nanoradiosensitizers not only substantially enhance tumor radiosensitivity but also promote the induction of ICD, thereby reinforcing the synergistic interplay between radiotherapy and antitumor immune responses and offering new opportunities to improve the clinical responsiveness to immunotherapy. This review summarizes the mechanisms through which nanoradiosensitizers elicit ICD and highlights recent advances in inorganic, inorganic–organic hybrid, and organic radiosensitizers. Furthermore, it discusses the combinatorial application of radiosensitizers with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and other therapeutic modalities，providing new directions for optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Finally, this review outlines the potential integration of nanoradiosensitizers with interventional therapeutic approaches, with the aim of further enhancing antitumor efficacy through multimodal strategies and advancing the development of comprehensive cancer treatment. |
