| The global cancer burden is increasing, and traditional tumor models have shown significant limitations in basic research and clinical translation: long-term passaging of two?dimensional cell lines tends to lose tumor heterogeneity, affecting the accuracy of drug sensitivity prediction; animal models suffer from interspecies differences and varied immune/metabolic backgrounds, leading to a failure rate as high as 90% for preclinically effective drugs in phase III trials. Organoid technology, based on modified DMEM/F12 (Dulbecco"s Modified Eagle Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12) medium supplemented with growth factors such as EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor), can be established from patient-derived organoids, PSCs (Pluripotent Stem Cells) and gene-edited cells, preserving tumor heterogeneity and having been used for modeling various tumors. It can simulate tumor heterogeneity to facilitate drug screening and personalized therapy, reconstruct the immune microenvironment through co?culture, and explore tumor?vascular interactions via 3D bioprinting, but still faces challenges such as short survival of immune cells and inadequate recapitulation of vascular function. In the future, standardized culture protocols and integration of multiple technologies are expected to promote precision and individualization of cancer diagnosis and treatment. |
